This is the third part of a series on evolution and politics. You can also check out “Why Bacteria are Smarter than Drug Companies” and “Science Denialism and the Future of Humanity.”
One of the most common truisms you’ll run across in commentary on politics and the economy today is that the private sector is efficient and the government is not. For this reason, we should leave all policy problems to be solved by the private sector if at all possible: it can solve them cheapest. It’s only when the market fails that the government should step in to provide a solution. Otherwise, governments should avoid the temptation to “pick winners” by intervening in “the market.” Governments are usually effective at solving problems but always inefficient, whereas the market is always efficient and sometimes ineffective.
Leaving aside the partisan nonsense of the present Conservative Party, there are plenty of intelligent public commentators who take this view. I suggest reading Andrew Coyne of the National Post. (Naturally, Coyne is frequently rewarded for his ideological integrity by his right-wing readers with declarations that he is a deceitful liberal stooge consumed by hatred of Stephen Harper.) My last column looked like it took this position. I argued that the free market cannot develop lasting solutions to bacterial evolution in time to prevent the end of the antibiotic era, and the perpetual public health crisis that awaits us on the other side. I said that government investment was the solution.
That may be true, but it’s only part of the story. Governments don’t somehow stand aloof from evolutionary pressures. In point of fact, we are hard done by when we reduce everything to talking about “efficiency.” Both companies and governments are entirely efficient — just at doing different things. And there are some problems which can’t be solved effectively by either the free market or government, efficiently or not. Efficiency can seem like a tempting thing to focus on if you’ve taken an economics course or two, but left on its own, it’s actually an exceedingly dangerous idea.
The dodo and the moa could tell us this, if there were any of them left. One of the surprising discoveries of early European empires was that isolated islands around the world, like New Zealand and Mauritius, often had unique flightless birds on them. These are, or were anyways, the ancestors of birds that got marooned on the islands and gradually lost the ability to fly. The evolutionary history, of course, was much less interesting to our ancestors than the fun that was to be had in killing, stuffing, and/or eating such birds. Consequently most large flightless birds, including both the moa and the dodo, are now extinct.
The fact that the dodo might have survived the arrival of European sailors if it had possessed the capacity to fly and to fear potential predators which its ancestors doubtless had when they arrived on Mauritius is important, but is less interesting than why the dodo lost those things in the first place. The theory of natural selection supplies an answer: they’re expensive. There was really nowhere to fly to on Mauritius, and there were certainly no predators to watch out for.
To put this in economic terms, the dodo-pigeons that arrived on Mauritius a few million years ago were an inefficient design. They had wings, but nowhere to fly to. They had a sophisticated predator detection and escape system in their brains, but there were no predators to detect or escape from. Because skittishness takes up a lot of energy, and because a lot has to be sacrificed to maintain a body capable of flight, these dodo-pigeons suffered from some real liabilities. Nature, like the free market, is very good at rooting out these sorts of inefficiencies, and over the next million years or so, it did so very effectively. By 1500, the dodo was once again a very efficient bird.
Dodos didn’t have education or the capacity for abstract thought. If they did, they probably could have agreed that the ability to detect and escape potential predators would be a good thing to keep around in case predators ever re-appeared. I’m not sure it would have mattered. Contrary to what many people believe, the end goal of evolution is not the survival or the improvement of the species. Evolution, like the free market, doesn’t have end goals. It’s not that dodos wanted to be killed off by newly arrived predators. It’s just that this possibility didn’t seem relevant at the time.
Thus we return to governments. The question, as Janice Gross Stein explained at the Massey Lectures more than a decade ago, should never really be whether government or the market is more efficient. The question should always be, efficient at what? Unlike evolution, and unlike the free market, social beings like us should be goal-oriented. It’s pointless to talk about reducing costs unless and until we’ve settled on what we’re trying to accomplish in the first place.
But this isn’t just a question of whether we should focus on efficiency in government or not. Governments aren’t actually “inefficient” in an objective sense, any more than the pigeon or the dodo. It’s just that some of the things they’re efficient at doing don’t seem particularly valuable from the much more narrow perspective adopted by most liberal and conservative parties today, which is concerned only with the monetary cost on the one hand and the production of a good or service on the other hand. Democratic governments also do a range of other things. For instance, they redistribute wealth. They provide lots of good-paying jobs. They provide seemingly interminable opportunities for consultation, compromise, and tinkering with the goals of public enterprises.
We now say that such things are “inefficient,” and from a neoliberal perspective, that’s true enough. So off with them! But notice that this isn’t actually a question of efficiency at all, but a question of which outcome is more desirable. If the only thing you’re interested in is getting the greatest number of goods and services for the lowest monetary cost, then it’s true that democracy, wealth redistribution, and lots of good-paying jobs are unnecessary add-ons. But this isn’t about which is more efficient. It’s about which goals you think are worth pursuing.
The problem gets even more serious when we move away from the ideological level and look at real-world problems, because in addition to which goals you think are desirable, there’s also the question of whether the goals you think you’re pursuing are the ones you’re actually pursuing. Take grade inflation, for instance. It’s now frequently alleged that the education system in this country has failed because you can no longer fail under-performing students and because students are earning ridiculously high grades despite doing very little work. Professors lament that freshman students don’t know basic grammar. Right-wing columnists complain that graduates aren’t ready for the job market.
Both may be right, but in fact, the school system has been very successful. Many years ago now, we agreed that in a successful school system, fewer students will fail, and more graduates will have high grades. We quickly set about encouraging people, programs, and ideas that promised to boost graduate rates and grades. And now, we’ve succeeded. Not many students fail. Lots of students have high grades.
Ah, you say, but that’s not what we really wanted: what we really wanted were smarter graduates. Well, that’s true enough. But we didn’t incentivize genuine improvements to the education system. We incentivized cheap and easy tinkering which increased grades, lowered failure rates, and increased graduate rates. And we got what we asked for. Genuine reforms, in contrast, would be expensive and difficult. So would picking administrators likely to implement such reforms. Understandably, we didn’t opt for the difficult route.
The problem becomes even more difficult when you look at real problems, that have to be solved to ensure our long-term survival, instead of theoretical problems, like universal healthcare or public education, which are certainly important to us as a society but aren’t directly necessary for our survival. Take, for instance, climate change, about which I’ll have more to say next time. Most governments now claim to agree that climate change is an existential threat which must be confronted. Most educated people agree with this sentiment. Most heads of state are educated enough, or have aides who are educated enough, not to doubt them when they say they realize the magnitude of the problem.
And yet, year by year, the possibility that the human species will intentionally take any large-scale measures to prevent or mitigate civilization-threatening climate change dwindles.
Which is okay. After all, such measures would be inefficient. And we don’t want to be inefficient.